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Title of Thesis
Efficacy
Studies of Vitamin Fortified Cookies in Pregnant and Lactating Women |
Author(s)
Shahid
Mahmood |
Institute/University/Department Details
National
Institute of Food Science and Technology / University of Agriculture Faisalabad |
Session
2009 |
Subject
Food
Technology |
Number of Pages
229 |
Keywords (Extracted from title, table of contents and abstract of thesis)
Vitamin Fortified, cookies, Pregnant, lactating women |
Abstract
Present project was planned to alleviate the vitamin A deficiency in
pregnant and lactating women by providing vitamin A fortified
cookies. For the purpose, cookies were prepared by adding two
vitamin A fortificants i.e. retinyl acetate and retinyl palmitate
separately @ 30, 40 and 50% RDA of pregnant (750µg) and lactating
(1200µg) women. During storage studies, moisture content and TBA no.
of the cookies were increased from 2.51 to 2.84% and 0.40 to 0.69mg
malenaldehyde/Kg, respectively. Vitamin A losses during baking and
storage ranged from 7.95 to 15.79% and 8.02 to 9.69%, respectively,
among the treatments. On the basis of physico-chemical analysis,
baking & storage stability and sensoric attributes, T4 (50% of RDA;
retinyl acetate) and T7 (50% of RDA; retinyl palmitate) were
selected for efficacy purposes. Selected treatments (Five cookies;
50g per day) along with placebo were provided to the respective
groups of vitamin A deficient pregnant women in third trimester.
Retinyl acetate and retinyl palmitate fortified cookies
significantly enhanced the level of serum retinol 18.51% and 21.56%
in pregnant women and 9.43 and 12.84% in lactating mothers,
respectively. In placebo group, the serum retinol level was
significantly decreased up to 9.32% during pregnancy with a
non-significant increase 1.81% during lactation. Collectively, the
serum retinol level showed a significant increase of 29.69% and
37.16% in retinyl acetate and retinyl palmitate groups, respectively
during six months whereas, a significant decrease (7.68%) was found
in placebo group. Moreover, significant decrease was observed in
retinyl esters level during pregnancy and lactation period; 35.90
and 32.00% in retinyl acetate and retinyl palmitate groups,
respectively. Similarly, the placebo group also showed significant
decrease in retinyl esters (64.84%). The level of β-carotene showed
significant decrease in all treatments during pregnancy and
lactation. Overall, T1 (placebo) differed entirely from other groups
with 36.45% decrease as compared to groups receiving retinyl acetate
(8.18%) and retinyl palmitate (6.98%) fortified cookies. Red blood
cells (RBC) indices like, hematocrit (Hct), mean corpuscular
hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular
hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) significantly decreased in
experimental groups during pregnancy, however, RBC indices depicted
a significant increase in all groups during lactation. Collectively,
a momentous increase in hemoglobin level was observed in women
consuming retinyl acetate (12.31%) and retinyl palmitate (16.01%) in
six months, while decrease of 6.15% was observed in placebo. The
consumption of retinyl acetate and retinyl palmitate fortified
cookies exhibited non-significant effects on renal & liver functions
tests and lipid profile showing safety and suitability of these
fortificants. Furthermore, retinyl palmitate was found to be more
effective than retinyl acetate to uplift the serum retinol level in
pregnant and lactating women. The upshots of the present
investigation revealed that the cookies fortified with retinyl
acetate and palmitate had potential to uplift serum vitamin A level
in vulnerable segments with special reference to pregnant and
lactating women.
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