Pakistan Research Repository


Title of Thesis Effects of Cable Television on Women in Pakistan: A comparative study on heavy and light viewers in Lahore
Author (s) Anjum Zia
Institute/University/Department Details Lahore College for Women University, Lahore
Session 2008
Subject Mass Communication
Number of Pages 250
Keywords (Extracted from title, table of contents and abstract of thesis)
Abstract This study investigates the “effects of cable television on the life patterns of women in Lahore, Pakistan” through survey using interviews’ schedule as a tool of data collection. It targeted 432 women aged 18-40 years and viewing cable television for a minimum two years. The study recorded the respondent’s consumption patterns, level of viewing, preferred channels and programs, favorite watching time, control over remote and restrictions on viewing. It crossed checked the above factors with the level of viewing along with demographic characteristics of the respondents. The major hypothesis studied was “greater the exposure to cable television greater the impact on the lives of women.” The sub-hypothesis included ‘heavy viewers have greater effect on their activities, family and social interaction patterns, cultural practices, domestic and personal expenditure, and they are more influenced by the television characters especially depicting western and urban Indian women than the moderate and light viewers. The data was analyzed through univariate and bivariate statistical procedures and the results are presented in two categories: i.e. general and major findings of hypothesis testing. The general findings revealed that the majority of respondents were aged 31 to 40 years, belonged to the middle and upper middle class, were graduates but unemployed, and were heavy viewers. Majority respondents had cable connection for the last two years, indicating increasing popularity of cable television in Lahore, also making it the main source of entertainment. There is no link between demographic characteristics and consumption patterns. However, the respondents complained that men had more rights to watch cable television than women. The statistical test chi-square was applied for testing the hypothesis, confirming that ‘greater the exposure to cable television greater the effect on the lives of women’. It confirmed that heavy viewing affected household and other activities of the women like newspaper reading, going to cinema, the meals cooking and serving schedule, their domestic or personal expenditure and interaction with friends or and relatives. They were prone to accepting the role, culture and lifestyle of western and Indian women watched on the cable channels. The study also identified a few areas for future researchers and made recommendations towards their improvement.	1722 KB


S. No.	Chapter	Title of the Chapters	Page	Size (KB)

	0

1	1	Introduction	1
	1.1	Statement of Problem, Objectives	2
	1.2	Hypothesis	3
	1.3	Rationale	4	143 KB
	1.4	Brief History of Cable Television, World History of Cable Television	5
	1.5	Development of Television in Pakistan	11


2	2	Literature Review	31
	2.1	International Studies on Television/Cable Television	31
	2.2	National Studies on Televisions/Cable Television	43	112 KB
	2.3	Studies on Women	48




3	3	Theoretical Framework	51	55 KB 183 KB 481 KB
	3.1	Uses and Gratification	52
	3.2	Cultivation Theory	55
	3.3	Social Learning Theory	58

4	4	Research Methodology
		(Part I) Hypothesis and Operationalisation of the Concepts	61
	4.1	Major Hypothesis	61
	4.2	Variables of the Study	62
	4.3	Conceptualization	63
		(Part II) Research Design	73
	4.4	Survey, Sampling Method	73
	4.5	Data Collection	77
	4.6	Data Processing	78
5	5	Data Analysis and Interpretation (Part-I) Data Analysis-General Findings	84



6	6	Conclusion and Recommendation	157	92 KB 54 KB 644 KB


		References	173


		Appendices