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| Pakistan Research Repository | Home |
Title of Thesis |
| Author(s) Muhammad Abdul Qadir |
| Institute/University/Department Details Institute of Chemistry/ University of the Punjab |
| Session No. dated |
| Subject Chemistry |
| Number of Pages 249 |
| Keywords (Extracted from title, table of contents and abstract of thesis) trace elements, aerosols, atmosphere, punjab, aas techniques, naa techniques, gaseous pollutants, ozone, toxicity |
Abstract Scavenging mechanism of the aerosol particulates through precipitation was studied in the atmosphere of Lahore and Sheikhupura by using HPLC and ICP-Aes techniques. The size distribution and morphological structure of the aerosol particulates was studied by using Scanning Electron Microscope model JSM-35CF. Trace elemental composition of the aerosol particulates in the atmosphere of the Punjab was carried out by using NAA. The elements thus studied were Ce, Yb, Se, Cr, Hf, Cs, Sc, Rb, Fe, Co, Eu, La, Sb, Mo, Ba, Zn, Hg, Br, Na, Gd, Sm, Nd and In, while Pb and Cd were estimated by using AAS technique. In order to develop biological indicators for environmental studies attention was paid to the leaves of sapindus mukorossis, Alstonia scholaris and Diospyros embryopteris plants. The trace elemental analysis in the leaves of the above mentioned species was carried out by using AAS and NAA techniques. |
| Download Full Thesis |  2198.44 KB |
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| S. No. | Chapter | Title of the Chapters | Page | Size (KB) |
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| 1 | 0 | Contents | 77.81 KB |
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| 2 | 1 | Introduction | 1 | 81.48 KB |
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| 3 | 2 | Review of Literature | 13 | 396.17 KB |
| 2.1 | General Aspects | 13 | ||
| 2.2 | Effects of Aerosol Particulates on the Physical Properties of the Atmosphere | 20 | ||
| 2.3 | General Urban Effects on Precipitation | 22 | ||
| 2.4 | Effects of Aerosol Particulates on Fog Formation | 24 | ||
| 2.5 | Effects of Aerosol Particulates on Atmospheric Conductivity | 25 | ||
| 2.6 | Effects of Aerosols on Valuable Materials and Structure | 26 | ||
| 2.7 | Gaseous Pollutants | 32 | ||
| 2.8 | Sulphur Dioxide | 32 | ||
| 2.9 | Ozone and Other Oxidants | 33 | ||
| 2.10 | Effects of ozone Based on Toxicological Evidence | 34 | ||
| 2.11 | Carbon Monoxide | 35 | ||
| 2.12 | Uptake of Co from Community Air | 36 | ||
| 2.13 | Effects of Co on Cardiovascular and Central Nervous System | 38 | ||
| 2.14 | Oxides of Nitrogen | 40 | ||
| 2.15 | Hydrogen Sulphides and Mercaptans | 42 | ||
| 2.16 | Hydrocarbon Vapours | 42 | ||
| 2.17 | Particulate Pollutants | 44 | ||
| 2.18 | Lead | 44 | ||
| 2.19 | Lead Pollution from motor vehicle Exhausts | 45 | ||
| 2.20 | Toxicity of Lead | 46 | ||
| 2.21 | Cadmium and Zinc | 49 | ||
| 2.22 | Mercury | 49 | ||
| 2.23 | The forms of mercury in the environment | 54 | ||
| 2.24 | Effects of mercury on human health | 54 | ||
| 2.25 | Normal values of mercury in Blood , | 55 | ||
| 2.26 | Urine and Hair as a Basis for Estimation of Exposures | 59 | ||
| 2.27 | Antimony | 60 | ||
| 2.28 | Arsenic | 60 | ||
| 2.29 | Beryllium | 63 | ||
| 2.30 | Cobalt | 64 | ||
| 2.31 | Nicke | l65 | ||
| 2.32 | Selenium | 66 | ||
| 2.33 | Tin | 68 | ||
| 2.34 | Vanadium | 68 | ||
| 2.35 | Chromium | 69 | ||
| 2.36 | Molybdenum | 70 | ||
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| 4 | 3 | Materials and Methods | 71 | 157.1 KB |
| 3.1 | Aerosols Sampling Methodology | 71 | ||
| 3.2 | Aerosols Sampling Parameters | 71 | ||
| 3.3 | Sampling with Filter Papers | 71 | ||
| 3.4 | Sampling by Impingers Methods | 72 | ||
| 3.5 | Requirements in Aerosols Sampling | 74 | ||
| 3.6 | Methodology used for the determination of the Total Suspended Particulate Matter | 77 | ||
| 3.7 | Methodology used for the Size and Morphological Structure of the Aerosols | 78 | ||
| 3.8 | Application of the scanning electron microscope in Air Pollution work | 80 | ||
| 3.9 | Methodology for Sampling and Analysis of the Trace elemental Composition of the Aerosols | 80 | ||
| 3.10 | Methodology for the evaluation of As, Ba , Cd , Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn , Pb , Tl , V and Zn in the Aerosol particulates by Using atomic Absorption Analysis | 82 | ||
| 3.11 | Air Sampling | 82 | ||
| 3.12 | Sample Preparation | 82 | ||
| 3.13 | Analysis | 83 | ||
| 3.14 | Methodology for the Neutron Activation Analysis | 84 | ||
| 3.15 | Air sampling | 84 | ||
| 3.16 | Activation and Analysis | 84 | ||
| 3.17 | Methodology for the Trace Elemental Analysis by Inductively coupled plasma atomic e84mission spectroscopy | 94 | ||
| 3.18 | Methodology for the Sampling and analysis of the precipitation Events | 96 | ||
| 3.19 | Sampling of the Precipitation | 97 | ||
| 3.20 | Siting | 97 | ||
| 3.21 | Samplers | 97 | ||
| 3.22 | Container Material | 99 | ||
| 3.23 | Sample Preservatives | 99 | ||
| 3.24 | Analysis of the Precipitation | 99 | ||
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| 5 | 4 | Experimental | 101 | 548.18 KB |
| 4.1 | Aerosolā€™s Sampling Parameters | 101 | ||
| 4.2 | Aerosolā€™s Sampling at Lahore | 104 | ||
| 4.3 | Aerosolā€™s Sampling at Faisalabad | 106 | ||
| 4.4 | Aerosolā€™s Sampling at Rawalpindi | 108 | ||
| 4.5 | Aerosolā€™s Sampling at Islamabad | 112 | ||
| 4.6 | Aerosolā€™s Sampling at Khanispur | 114 | ||
| 4.7 | Aerosolā€™s Sampling at Some Industrial Areas of the Punjab | 115 | ||
| 4.8 | Aerosolā€™s Sampling at Sheikhupura Industrial Area | 116 | ||
| 4.9 | Aerosolā€™s Sampling at wah cantt Industrial Area1 | 18 | ||
| 4.10 | Sampling of the Aerosol Particulates from mild steel Electric Welding Electrodes | 121 | ||
| 4.11 | Determination the Total suspended particulate matter in the Atmosphere of the Punjab | 122 | ||
| 4.12 | Determination of the Size Distribution and Morphological Structure of the Aerosol Particulates in the Atmosphere of the Punjab | 124 | ||
| 4.13 | Trace Elemental Analysis of the Aerosol particulates and Biological material by Using Neutron Activation Analysis | 125 | ||
| 4.14 | Sampling, Sample Preparation and analysis of the biological material and aerosol particulates for trace elemental analysis by using AAS and ICP-AES | 126 | ||
| 4.15 | Sampling and analysis of the precipitation events in the atmosphere of Lahore and Sheikhupura Industrial Area | 147 | ||
| 4.16 | Conductivity and pH measurements | 148 | ||
| 4.17 | Analysis | 148 | ||
| 4.18 | Preparation of Eluents | 148 | ||
| 4.19 | Preparation of standards | 149 | ||
| 4.20 | Instrumentation | 149 | ||
| 4.21 | Chromatographic conditions for HPLC | 150 | ||
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| 6 | 5 | Results and Discussion | 156 | 665.69 KB |
| 5.1 | Total Suspended particulate matter in the Atmosphere of the Punjab , Pakistan1 | 56 | ||
| 5.2 | Size distribution and morphological structure of the aerosol particulate | 162 | ||
| 5.3 | Size distribution and morphological structure of the aerosol particulate at Lahore . | 163 | ||
| 5.4 | Size distribution and morphological structure of the aerosol particulate at Islamabad | 166 | ||
| 5.5 | Size distribution and morphological structure of the aerosol particulate at Rawalpindi | 169 | ||
| 5.6 | Size distribution and morphological structure of the aerosol particulate from Faisalabad | 172 | ||
| 5.7 | Size distribution and morphological structure of the aerosol from wah cantt | 172 | ||
| 5.8 | Size distribution and morphological structure of the aerosol particulate at Khanispur | 178 | ||
| 5.9 | Trace elemental composition of the aerosol particulates in the Atmosphere of Punjab, Pakistan | 182 | ||
| 5.10 | Cerium in the atmosphere of Punjab areas | 182 | ||
| 5.11 | Ytterbium in the atmosphere of Punjab areas | 193 | ||
| 5.12 | Selenium in the atmosphere of Punjab areas | 193 | ||
| 5.13 | Chromium in the Atmosphere of Punjab areas | 195 | ||
| 5.14 | Hafnium in the atmosphere of Punjab areas | 197 | ||
| 5.15 | Caesium in the atmosphere of Punjab areas | 197 | ||
| 5.16 | Scandium in the atmosphere of Punjab areas | 199 | ||
| 5.17 | Rubidium in the atmosphere of Punjab areas | 199 | ||
| 5.18 | Iron in the atmosphere of Punjab areas | 201 | ||
| 5.19 | Cobalt in the atmosphere of Punjab Areas | 201 | ||
| 5.20 | Europium in the atmosphere of Punjab areas | 203 | ||
| 5.21 | Lanthanum in the Atmosphere of Punjab Areas | 203 | ||
| 5.22 | Antimony in the atmosphere of Punjab areas | 204 | ||
| 5.23 | Molybdenum in the atmosphere of Punjab areas | 206 | ||
| 5.24 | Barium in the atmosphere of Punjab areas | 206 | ||
| 5.25 | Zinc in the atmosphere of Punjab areas | 208 | ||
| 5.26 | Mercury in the atmosphere of Punjab areas | 210 | ||
| 5.27 | Bromine in the atmosphere of Punjab areas | 211 | ||
| 5.28 | Sodium in the atmosphere of Punjab areas | 211 | ||
| 5.29 | Gadolinium in the atmosphere of Punjab areas | 213 | ||
| 5.30 | Samarium in the atmosphere of Punjab areas | 213 | ||
| 5.31 | Neodymium and Tin in the atmosphere of Punjab areas | 214 | ||
| 5.32 | Lead and Cadmium in the Atmosphere of Punjab Areas | 214 | ||
| 5.33 | Longitudinal distribution of the Trace Elements in the atmosphere of Sheikhupura Industrial a1rea | 217 | ||
| 5.34 | Analysis of precipitation in the atmosphere of Lahore and Sheikhupura | 225 | ||
| 5.35 | Health evaluation to an aerosol formed in the fumes from mild steel welding electrodes | 232 | ||
| 5.36 | Effects of the Aerosol particulates on the Biological matter | 236 | ||
| 5.37 | Accumulation of Pb and Cd in the Leaves of sapindus mukorossis , Alstonia scholaris and Diospyros Embryopteris | 236 | ||
| 5.38 | Study of the accumulation of Br, Rb , Sc Cs and Na in the leaves of sapindus mukorossis , Alstonia scholaris and Diospyros Embryopteris | 239 | ||
| 5.39 | Study of the Accumulation of Hg, Co, Cr Zn and Fe in the leaves of sapindus Mukorossis , Alstonia scholaris and Diospyros Embryopteris | 245 | ||
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| 7 | 6 | Summary | 254 | 227.6 KB |
| 6.1 | References | 256 | ||
| 6.2 | Publications | 282 | ||
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